Abstract— Cryptography is just about presence of an adversary. It encompasses many problems like encryption, authentication, and key distribution to name a few. The field of modern cryptography provides a theoretical foundation based on which one can understand what exactly these problems are, how to evaluate algorithm that purport to solve them and how to build algorithm in whose security one can have confidence. Advanced digital technologies have made multimedia data widely available. Recently, multimedia applications become common in practice and thus security of multimedia data has become main concern. The basic issues pertaining to the problem of encryption has been discussed and also a survey on image encryption techniques based on chaotic schemes has been dealt in the present communication. The chaotic image encryption can be developed by using properties of chaos including deterministic dynamics, unpredictable behavior and non-linear transform. [3].Generally chaotic based cryptography is not suitable for practical application [1][3]. It does not secure algorithm due to dependency of initial condition, which can be easily broken. So this algorithm optimize by using (Brahmagupta-Bhaskara) equation for finding out the roots of pixel values. This gives unique values for different pixels. This concept leads to techniques that can simultaneously provide security functions and an overall visual check, which might be suitable in some applications. Digital images are widely used in various applications, that include military, legal and medical systems and these applications need to control access to images and provide the means to verify integrity of images [3]. This algorithm proved insecure against plain-text attack by brute force way of an attack [3].this problem subsequently resolve in [10].

Abstract— Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETS) are self- created and self organized by a collection of mobile nodes, interconnected by multi-hop wireless paths in a strictly peer to peer fashion. DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) is an on-demand routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks that floods route requests when the route is needed. Route caches in intermediate mobile node on DSR are used to reduce flooding of route requests. But with the increase in network size, node mobility and local cache of every mobile node cached route quickly become stale or inefficient. In this paper, for efficient searching, we have proposed a generic searching algorithm on associative cache memory organization to faster searching single/multiple paths for destination if exist in intermediate mobile node cache with a complexity (Where n is number of bits required to represent the searched field). The other major problem of DSR is that the route maintenance mechanism does not locally repair a broken link and Stale cache information could also result in consistencies during the route discovery /reconstruction phase. So to deal this, we have proposed an optimized cache coherence handling scheme for on -demand routing protocol (DSR).

Abstract— In this paper, we will proposed a new structure of the making of a chalcogenide glass photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with increase in core diameter. As comparision with the regular PCFs in which silica glass is used as core material, the proposed PCF has following feature; at first we have used the chalcogenide As2Se3 glass in core material in which the first ring area contains no air holes. Then this proposed PCF has a Huge core area chalcogenide As2Se3 glass photonic crystal fiber. There are small chromatic dispersion in the proposed PCF comparied to regular As2Se3 glass PCF. The chromatic dispersion is almost flat in the range of 2.4 micrometer to 4.1 micrometer range when the air hole diameter ‘d’ is .75 micrometer and air hole space ‘˄’ is 2.0 micrometer.

Abstract— The computer synthesis of natural speech is an objective for both engineers and linguists that would provide many useful applications to human-computer interaction. This paper explores text to speech system with Optical Character Recognition (OCR), where spoken utterances are automatically produced from text. Text to speech system with OCR is yet to develop for Indian languages, especially for Malayalam. Therefore we attempt to develop a text-to-speech for Malayalam using by tools available in matlab. Some facts of the current state technology are illustrated and the final section will explain the authors approach to the field of voice synthesis. The output generated by the proposed system to have very closeness to natural human voices

Abstract— In this paper we have selected the machining method, a cost saving manufacturing process to produce straight bevel gears without any compromise with quality parameters, then validate the samples taken from vendor as per our design requirement and to increase Durability & Productivity of Straight Bevel Gears. To validated we have used tractor as a testing equipment and validate the gears to our design specification.